The European Commonwealth is the Fallout universe's equivalent of the real-world European Union, which has integrated into a single state-like entity (although it is not known which European states were its members; the only confirmed member was the United Kingdom).
In 2052, Europe was heavily dependent on oil imports from the petroleum-rich states of the Middle East and responded to rapidly rising oil prices that were damaging its economy with military action, starting the terrible global conflicts that later historians simply lumped together as the Resource Wars.
The outcome of this conflict suggests that unlike today's EU, the European Commonwealth possessed a unified military. Some time after the war ended, as the Middle Eastern oil fields went dry in 2060, the European Commonwealth dissolved into quarreling, bickering nation-states fighting over the last remaining resources on earth.
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Real world counterparts to the European Commonwealth that originated during the Cold War era are the various European economic communities:
The Soviet Union in the Fallout world probably had its own sphere of international influence, which very likely was the same as the Warsaw Pact (of 1955) and Comecon (1949) which led to Soviet domination of Eastern and Central Europe. If this domination was replicated in the Fallout world, it could effectively limit the eastern borders of the European Commonwealth (members of the Warsaw Pact included Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union). However, though it appears that the Soviet Union did not collapse in 1991 in the Fallout world as it did in our own reality, neither did it seem to still present the same danger to the interests of the United States by the late twenty-first century. Instead, the Communist power that was Washington's primary rival for world influence by the year 2077 was the People's Republic of China. As such, the Soviet empire in Eastern Europe may also have collapsed or voluntarily been relinquished by Moscow long before the Resource Wars began. While the Soviet Union may still have existed under a Communist government in 2077, it probably was no longer a government that intended or was capable of threatening the United States and its democratic allies, perhaps because China represented a common enemy.
The European Commonwealth is mentioned only in the Fallout intro and the Fallout Bible. Products from European manufacturers appear in nearly all Fallout games except Fallout: Brotherhood of Steel.
The concept for a pre-Fallout "Resource Wars" game is set in a collapsing Europe (during the European Commonwealth's invasion of the Middle East) and is one of the games that J.E. Sawyer would like to make if he could do any game, regardless of money and developing time[1].
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